http://csscreator.com/attributes/containedfloat.php
http://www.positioniseverything.net/easyclearing.html
http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/visudet.html#root-height
http://www.shauninman.com/archive/2004/07/23/absolutely_positive
http://tjkdesign.com/articles/clearing-floats_and_block-formatting_context.asp
http://csscreator.com/node/17164
http://css-discuss.incutio.com/wiki/Clearing_Space
Sai Gopal Wordpress Blog
Saigopal's website
My Daughter Website
Palwow
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
Display of symbols in HTML
Display of symbols in HTML
HTML character entities
The following tables are adapted from W3C's Character entity references in HTML 4. The original tables carry the following copyright notice:
Portions © International Organization for Standardization 1986 Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with conforming SGML systems and applications as defined in ISO 8879, provided this notice is included in all copies.
The first column shows the entity name and the second column shows the corresponding numeric code. The third column contains an invocation of the entity name, i.e., '&name;', and the fourth column contains an invocation of the numeric code, i.e., '&#code;'.
Part 1
nbsp 160 no-break space = non-breaking space
iexcl 161 ¡ ¡ inverted exclamation mark
cent 162 ¢ ¢ cent sign
pound 163 £ £ pound sign
curren 164 ¤ ¤ currency sign
yen 165 ¥ ¥ yen sign = yuan sign
brvbar 166 ¦ ¦ broken bar = broken vertical bar
sect 167 § § section sign
uml 168 ¨ ¨ diaeresis = spacing diaeresis
copy 169 © © copyright sign
ordf 170 ª ª feminine ordinal indicator
laquo 171 « « left-pointing double angle quotation mark left pointing guillemet
not 172 ¬ ¬ not sign
shy 173 soft hyphen = discretionary hyphen
reg 174 ® ® registered sign = registered trade mark sign
macr 175 ¯ ¯ macron = spacing macron = overline APL overbar
deg 176 ° ° degree sign
plusmn 177 ± ± plus-minus sign = plus-or-minus sign
sup2 178 ² ² superscript two = superscript digit two squared
sup3 179 ³ ³ superscript three = superscript digit three cubed
acute 180 ´ ´ acute accent = spacing acute
micro 181 µ µ micro sign
para 182 ¶ ¶ pilcrow sign = paragraph sign
middot 183 · · middle dot = Georgian comma Greek middle dot
cedil 184 ¸ ¸ cedilla = spacing cedilla
sup1 185 ¹ ¹ superscript one = superscript digit one
ordm 186 º º masculine ordinal indicator
raquo 187 » » right-pointing double angle quotation mark right pointing guillemet
frac14 188 ¼ ¼ vulgar fraction one quarter fraction one quarter
frac12 189 ½ ½ vulgar fraction one half fraction one half
frac34 190 ¾ ¾ vulgar fraction three quarters fraction three quarters
iquest 191 ¿ ¿ inverted question mark turned question mark
Agrave 192 À À latin capital letter A with grave latin capital letter A grave
Aacute 193 Á Á latin capital letter A with acute
Acirc 194 Â Â latin capital letter A with circumflex
Atilde 195 Ã Ã latin capital letter A with tilde
Auml 196 Ä Ä latin capital letter A with diaeresis
Aring 197 Å Å latin capital letter A with ring above latin capital letter A ring
AElig 198 Æ Æ latin capital letter AE latin capital ligature AE
Ccedil 199 Ç Ç latin capital letter C with cedilla
Egrave 200 È È latin capital letter E with grave
Eacute 201 É É latin capital letter E with acute
Ecirc 202 Ê Ê latin capital letter E with circumflex
Euml 203 Ë Ë latin capital letter E with diaeresis
Igrave 204 Ì Ì latin capital letter I with grave
Iacute 205 Í Í latin capital letter I with acute
Icirc 206 Î Î latin capital letter I with circumflex
Iuml 207 Ï Ï latin capital letter I with diaeresis
ETH 208 Ð Ð latin capital letter ETH
Ntilde 209 Ñ Ñ latin capital letter N with tilde
Ograve 210 Ò Ò latin capital letter O with grave
Oacute 211 Ó Ó latin capital letter O with acute
Ocirc 212 Ô Ô latin capital letter O with circumflex
Otilde 213 Õ Õ latin capital letter O with tilde
Ouml 214 Ö Ö latin capital letter O with diaeresis
times 215 × × multiplication sign
Oslash 216 Ø Ø latin capital letter O with stroke latin capital letter O slash
Ugrave 217 Ù Ù latin capital letter U with grave
Uacute 218 Ú Ú latin capital letter U with acute
Ucirc 219 Û Û latin capital letter U with circumflex
Uuml 220 Ü Ü latin capital letter U with diaeresis
Yacute 221 Ý Ý latin capital letter Y with acute
THORN 222 Þ Þ latin capital letter THORN
szlig 223 ß ß latin small letter sharp s = ess-zed
agrave 224 à à latin small letter a with grave latin small letter a grave
aacute 225 á á latin small letter a with acute
acirc 226 â â latin small letter a with circumflex
atilde 227 ã ã latin small letter a with tilde
auml 228 ä ä latin small letter a with diaeresis
aring 229 å å latin small letter a with ring above latin small letter a ring
aelig 230 æ æ latin small letter ae latin small ligature ae
ccedil 231 ç ç latin small letter c with cedilla
egrave 232 è è latin small letter e with grave
eacute 233 é é latin small letter e with acute
ecirc 234 ê ê latin small letter e with circumflex
euml 235 ë ë latin small letter e with diaeresis
igrave 236 ì ì latin small letter i with grave
iacute 237 í í latin small letter i with acute
icirc 238 î î latin small letter i with circumflex
iuml 239 ï ï latin small letter i with diaeresis
eth 240 ð ð latin small letter eth
ntilde 241 ñ ñ latin small letter n with tilde
ograve 242 ò ò latin small letter o with grave
oacute 243 ó ó latin small letter o with acute
ocirc 244 ô ô latin small letter o with circumflex
otilde 245 õ õ latin small letter o with tilde
ouml 246 ö ö latin small letter o with diaeresis
divide 247 ÷ ÷ division sign
oslash 248 ø ø latin small letter o with stroke
ugrave 249 ù ù latin small letter u with grave
uacute 250 ú ú latin small letter u with acute
ucirc 251 û û latin small letter u with circumflex
uuml 252 ü ü latin small letter u with diaeresis
yacute 253 ý ý latin small letter y with acute
thorn 254 þ þ latin small letter thorn
yuml 255 ÿ ÿ latin small letter y with diaeresis
Part 2
fnof 402 ƒ ƒ latin small f with hook = function florin
Alpha 913 Α Α greek capital letter alpha
Beta 914 Β Β greek capital letter beta
Gamma 915 Γ Γ greek capital letter gamma
Delta 916 Δ Δ greek capital letter delta
Epsilon 917 Ε Ε greek capital letter epsilon
Zeta 918 Ζ Ζ greek capital letter zeta
Eta 919 Η Η greek capital letter eta
Theta 920 Θ Θ greek capital letter theta
Iota 921 Ι Ι greek capital letter iota
Kappa 922 Κ Κ greek capital letter kappa
Lambda 923 Λ Λ greek capital letter lambda
Mu 924 Μ Μ greek capital letter mu
Nu 925 Ν Ν greek capital letter nu
Xi 926 Ξ Ξ greek capital letter xi
Omicron 927 Ο Ο greek capital letter omicron
Pi 928 Π Π greek capital letter pi
Rho 929 Ρ Ρ greek capital letter rho
Sigma 931 Σ Σ greek capital letter sigma
Tau 932 Τ Τ greek capital letter tau
Upsilon 933 Υ Υ greek capital letter upsilon
Phi 934 Φ Φ greek capital letter phi
Chi 935 Χ Χ greek capital letter chi
Psi 936 Ψ Ψ greek capital letter psi
Omega 937 Ω Ω greek capital letter omega
alpha 945 α α greek small letter alpha
beta 946 β β greek small letter beta
gamma 947 γ γ greek small letter gamma
delta 948 δ δ greek small letter delta
epsilon 949 ε ε greek small letter epsilon
zeta 950 ζ ζ greek small letter zeta
eta 951 η η greek small letter eta
theta 952 θ θ greek small letter theta
iota 953 ι ι greek small letter iota
kappa 954 κ κ greek small letter kappa
lambda 955 λ λ greek small letter lambda
mu 956 μ μ greek small letter mu
nu 957 ν ν greek small letter nu
xi 958 ξ ξ greek small letter xi
omicron 959 ο ο greek small letter omicron
pi 960 π π greek small letter pi
rho 961 ρ ρ greek small letter rho
sigmaf 962 ς ς greek small letter final sigma
sigma 963 σ σ greek small letter sigma
tau 964 τ τ greek small letter tau
upsilon 965 υ υ greek small letter upsilon
phi 966 φ φ greek small letter phi
chi 967 χ χ greek small letter chi
psi 968 ψ ψ greek small letter psi
omega 969 ω ω greek small letter omega
thetasym 977 ϑ ϑ greek small letter theta symbol
upsih 978 ϒ ϒ greek upsilon with hook symbol
piv 982 ϖ ϖ greek pi symbol
bull 8226 • • bullet = black small circle
hellip 8230 … … horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader
prime 8242 ′ ′ prime = minutes = feet
Prime 8243 ″ ″ double prime = seconds = inches
oline 8254 ‾ ‾ overline = spacing overscore
frasl 8260 ⁄ ⁄ fraction slash
weierp 8472 ℘ ℘ script capital P = power set Weierstrass p
image 8465 ℑ ℑ blackletter capital I = imaginary part
real 8476 ℜ ℜ blackletter capital R = real part symbol
trade 8482 ™ ™ trade mark sign
alefsym 8501 ℵ ℵ alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal
larr 8592 ← ← leftwards arrow
uarr 8593 ↑ ↑ upwards arrow
rarr 8594 → → rightwards arrow
darr 8595 ↓ ↓ downwards arrow
harr 8596 ↔ ↔ left right arrow
crarr 8629 ↵ ↵ downwards arrow with corner leftwards carriage return
lArr 8656 ⇐ ⇐ leftwards double arrow
uArr 8657 ⇑ ⇑ upwards double arrow
rArr 8658 ⇒ ⇒ rightwards double arrow
dArr 8659 ⇓ ⇓ downwards double arrow
hArr 8660 ⇔ ⇔ left right double arrow
forall 8704 ∀ ∀ for all
part 8706 ∂ ∂ partial differential
exist 8707 ∃ ∃ there exists
empty 8709 ∅ ∅ empty set = null set = diameter
nabla 8711 ∇ ∇ nabla = backward difference
isin 8712 ∈ ∈ element of
notin 8713 ∉ ∉ not an element of
ni 8715 ∋ ∋ contains as member
prod 8719 ∏ ∏ n-ary product = product sign
sum 8721 ∑ ∑ n-ary sumation
minus 8722 − − minus sign
lowast 8727 ∗ ∗ asterisk operator
radic 8730 √ √ square root = radical sign
prop 8733 ∝ ∝ proportional to
infin 8734 ∞ ∞ infinity
ang 8736 ∠ ∠ angle
and 8743 ∧ ∧ logical and = wedge
or 8744 ∨ ∨ logical or = vee
cap 8745 ∩ ∩ intersection = cap
cup 8746 ∪ ∪ union = cup
int 8747 ∫ ∫ integral
there4 8756 ∴ ∴ therefore
sim 8764 ∼ ∼ tilde operator = varies with = similar to
cong 8773 ≅ ≅ approximately equal to
asymp 8776 ≈ ≈ almost equal to = asymptotic to
ne 8800 ≠ ≠ not equal to
equiv 8801 ≡ ≡ identical to
le 8804 ≤ ≤ less-than or equal to
ge 8805 ≥ ≥ greater-than or equal to
sub 8834 ⊂ ⊂ subset of
sup 8835 ⊃ ⊃ superset of
nsub 8836 ⊄ ⊄ not a subset of
sube 8838 ⊆ ⊆ subset of or equal to
supe 8839 ⊇ ⊇ superset of or equal to
oplus 8853 ⊕ ⊕ circled plus = direct sum
otimes 8855 ⊗ ⊗ circled times = vector product
perp 8869 ⊥ ⊥ up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular
sdot 8901 ⋅ ⋅ dot operator
lceil 8968 ⌈ ⌈ left ceiling = apl upstile
rceil 8969 ⌉ ⌉ right ceiling
lfloor 8970 ⌊ ⌊ left floor = apl downstile
rfloor 8971 ⌋ ⌋ right floor
lang 9001 〈 〈 left-pointing angle bracket = bra
rang 9002 〉 〉 right-pointing angle bracket = ket
loz 9674 ◊ ◊ lozenge
spades 9824 ♠ ♠ black spade suit
clubs 9827 ♣ ♣ black club suit = shamrock
hearts 9829 ♥ ♥ black heart suit = valentine
diams 9830 ♦ ♦ black diamond suit
Part 3
quot 34 " " quotation mark = APL quote
amp 38 & & ampersand
apos 39 ' ' apostrophe
lt 60 < < less-than sign gt 62 > > greater-than sign
OElig 338 ΠΠlatin capital ligature OE
oelig 339 œ œ latin small ligature oe
Scaron 352 Š Š latin capital letter S with caron
scaron 353 š š latin small letter s with caron
Yuml 376 Ÿ Ÿ latin capital letter Y with diaeresis
circ 710 ˆ ˆ modifier letter circumflex accent
tilde 732 ˜ ˜ small tilde
ensp 8194 en space
emsp 8195 em space
thinsp 8201 thin space
zwnj 8204 zero width non-joiner
zwj 8205 zero width joiner
lrm 8206 left-to-right mark
rlm 8207 right-to-left mark
ndash 8211 – – en dash
mdash 8212 — — em dash
lsquo 8216 ‘ ‘ left single quotation mark
rsquo 8217 ’ ’ right single quotation mark
sbquo 8218 ‚ ‚ single low-9 quotation mark
ldquo 8220 “ “ left double quotation mark
rdquo 8221 ” ” right double quotation mark
bdquo 8222 „ „ double low-9 quotation mark
dagger 8224 † † dagger
Dagger 8225 ‡ ‡ double dagger
permil 8240 ‰ ‰ per mille sign
lsaquo 8249 ‹ ‹ single left-pointing angle quotation mark
rsaquo 8250 › › single right-pointing angle quotation mark
euro 8364 € € euro sign
Use of symbol font
(On 2002 Apr 16 I tried unsuccessfully to make the following work with Mozilla. I haven't bothered with it since because things are displayed fine using HTML entities.)
alpha: a displays a
This supposedly will work on any systems that don't care that "symbol" is not a Latin 1 font. (For example, it works under Windows 95 with Netscape 4.5 and IE 3.02.) To make it work under X11, which does care, one should add
Netscape*documentFonts.charset*adobe-fontspecific: iso-8859-1
to one's .Xdefaults file.
(Ref: posting to www-math by David Carlisle, 1999 Apr 6)
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b g d e z h q(J) i k l m n x o p r s(V) t u f(j) c y w(v)
a b g d e z h q(J) i k l m n x o p r s(V) t u f(j) c y w(v)
A B G D E Z H Q I K L M N X O P R S T U F C Y W
A B G D E Z H Q I K L M N X O P R S T U F C Y W
~ ! # / | ? % & * ( ) _ - + = [ ] { } ; : , . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
~ ! # / | ? % & * ( ) _ - + = [ ] { } ; : , . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
' " \ @ $ ^ `a
' " \ @ $ ^ `a (Note that ` gives a nonspacing overstrike.)
HTML character entities
The following tables are adapted from W3C's Character entity references in HTML 4. The original tables carry the following copyright notice:
Portions © International Organization for Standardization 1986 Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with conforming SGML systems and applications as defined in ISO 8879, provided this notice is included in all copies.
The first column shows the entity name and the second column shows the corresponding numeric code. The third column contains an invocation of the entity name, i.e., '&name;', and the fourth column contains an invocation of the numeric code, i.e., '&#code;'.
Part 1
nbsp 160 no-break space = non-breaking space
iexcl 161 ¡ ¡ inverted exclamation mark
cent 162 ¢ ¢ cent sign
pound 163 £ £ pound sign
curren 164 ¤ ¤ currency sign
yen 165 ¥ ¥ yen sign = yuan sign
brvbar 166 ¦ ¦ broken bar = broken vertical bar
sect 167 § § section sign
uml 168 ¨ ¨ diaeresis = spacing diaeresis
copy 169 © © copyright sign
ordf 170 ª ª feminine ordinal indicator
laquo 171 « « left-pointing double angle quotation mark left pointing guillemet
not 172 ¬ ¬ not sign
shy 173 soft hyphen = discretionary hyphen
reg 174 ® ® registered sign = registered trade mark sign
macr 175 ¯ ¯ macron = spacing macron = overline APL overbar
deg 176 ° ° degree sign
plusmn 177 ± ± plus-minus sign = plus-or-minus sign
sup2 178 ² ² superscript two = superscript digit two squared
sup3 179 ³ ³ superscript three = superscript digit three cubed
acute 180 ´ ´ acute accent = spacing acute
micro 181 µ µ micro sign
para 182 ¶ ¶ pilcrow sign = paragraph sign
middot 183 · · middle dot = Georgian comma Greek middle dot
cedil 184 ¸ ¸ cedilla = spacing cedilla
sup1 185 ¹ ¹ superscript one = superscript digit one
ordm 186 º º masculine ordinal indicator
raquo 187 » » right-pointing double angle quotation mark right pointing guillemet
frac14 188 ¼ ¼ vulgar fraction one quarter fraction one quarter
frac12 189 ½ ½ vulgar fraction one half fraction one half
frac34 190 ¾ ¾ vulgar fraction three quarters fraction three quarters
iquest 191 ¿ ¿ inverted question mark turned question mark
Agrave 192 À À latin capital letter A with grave latin capital letter A grave
Aacute 193 Á Á latin capital letter A with acute
Acirc 194 Â Â latin capital letter A with circumflex
Atilde 195 Ã Ã latin capital letter A with tilde
Auml 196 Ä Ä latin capital letter A with diaeresis
Aring 197 Å Å latin capital letter A with ring above latin capital letter A ring
AElig 198 Æ Æ latin capital letter AE latin capital ligature AE
Ccedil 199 Ç Ç latin capital letter C with cedilla
Egrave 200 È È latin capital letter E with grave
Eacute 201 É É latin capital letter E with acute
Ecirc 202 Ê Ê latin capital letter E with circumflex
Euml 203 Ë Ë latin capital letter E with diaeresis
Igrave 204 Ì Ì latin capital letter I with grave
Iacute 205 Í Í latin capital letter I with acute
Icirc 206 Î Î latin capital letter I with circumflex
Iuml 207 Ï Ï latin capital letter I with diaeresis
ETH 208 Ð Ð latin capital letter ETH
Ntilde 209 Ñ Ñ latin capital letter N with tilde
Ograve 210 Ò Ò latin capital letter O with grave
Oacute 211 Ó Ó latin capital letter O with acute
Ocirc 212 Ô Ô latin capital letter O with circumflex
Otilde 213 Õ Õ latin capital letter O with tilde
Ouml 214 Ö Ö latin capital letter O with diaeresis
times 215 × × multiplication sign
Oslash 216 Ø Ø latin capital letter O with stroke latin capital letter O slash
Ugrave 217 Ù Ù latin capital letter U with grave
Uacute 218 Ú Ú latin capital letter U with acute
Ucirc 219 Û Û latin capital letter U with circumflex
Uuml 220 Ü Ü latin capital letter U with diaeresis
Yacute 221 Ý Ý latin capital letter Y with acute
THORN 222 Þ Þ latin capital letter THORN
szlig 223 ß ß latin small letter sharp s = ess-zed
agrave 224 à à latin small letter a with grave latin small letter a grave
aacute 225 á á latin small letter a with acute
acirc 226 â â latin small letter a with circumflex
atilde 227 ã ã latin small letter a with tilde
auml 228 ä ä latin small letter a with diaeresis
aring 229 å å latin small letter a with ring above latin small letter a ring
aelig 230 æ æ latin small letter ae latin small ligature ae
ccedil 231 ç ç latin small letter c with cedilla
egrave 232 è è latin small letter e with grave
eacute 233 é é latin small letter e with acute
ecirc 234 ê ê latin small letter e with circumflex
euml 235 ë ë latin small letter e with diaeresis
igrave 236 ì ì latin small letter i with grave
iacute 237 í í latin small letter i with acute
icirc 238 î î latin small letter i with circumflex
iuml 239 ï ï latin small letter i with diaeresis
eth 240 ð ð latin small letter eth
ntilde 241 ñ ñ latin small letter n with tilde
ograve 242 ò ò latin small letter o with grave
oacute 243 ó ó latin small letter o with acute
ocirc 244 ô ô latin small letter o with circumflex
otilde 245 õ õ latin small letter o with tilde
ouml 246 ö ö latin small letter o with diaeresis
divide 247 ÷ ÷ division sign
oslash 248 ø ø latin small letter o with stroke
ugrave 249 ù ù latin small letter u with grave
uacute 250 ú ú latin small letter u with acute
ucirc 251 û û latin small letter u with circumflex
uuml 252 ü ü latin small letter u with diaeresis
yacute 253 ý ý latin small letter y with acute
thorn 254 þ þ latin small letter thorn
yuml 255 ÿ ÿ latin small letter y with diaeresis
Part 2
fnof 402 ƒ ƒ latin small f with hook = function florin
Alpha 913 Α Α greek capital letter alpha
Beta 914 Β Β greek capital letter beta
Gamma 915 Γ Γ greek capital letter gamma
Delta 916 Δ Δ greek capital letter delta
Epsilon 917 Ε Ε greek capital letter epsilon
Zeta 918 Ζ Ζ greek capital letter zeta
Eta 919 Η Η greek capital letter eta
Theta 920 Θ Θ greek capital letter theta
Iota 921 Ι Ι greek capital letter iota
Kappa 922 Κ Κ greek capital letter kappa
Lambda 923 Λ Λ greek capital letter lambda
Mu 924 Μ Μ greek capital letter mu
Nu 925 Ν Ν greek capital letter nu
Xi 926 Ξ Ξ greek capital letter xi
Omicron 927 Ο Ο greek capital letter omicron
Pi 928 Π Π greek capital letter pi
Rho 929 Ρ Ρ greek capital letter rho
Sigma 931 Σ Σ greek capital letter sigma
Tau 932 Τ Τ greek capital letter tau
Upsilon 933 Υ Υ greek capital letter upsilon
Phi 934 Φ Φ greek capital letter phi
Chi 935 Χ Χ greek capital letter chi
Psi 936 Ψ Ψ greek capital letter psi
Omega 937 Ω Ω greek capital letter omega
alpha 945 α α greek small letter alpha
beta 946 β β greek small letter beta
gamma 947 γ γ greek small letter gamma
delta 948 δ δ greek small letter delta
epsilon 949 ε ε greek small letter epsilon
zeta 950 ζ ζ greek small letter zeta
eta 951 η η greek small letter eta
theta 952 θ θ greek small letter theta
iota 953 ι ι greek small letter iota
kappa 954 κ κ greek small letter kappa
lambda 955 λ λ greek small letter lambda
mu 956 μ μ greek small letter mu
nu 957 ν ν greek small letter nu
xi 958 ξ ξ greek small letter xi
omicron 959 ο ο greek small letter omicron
pi 960 π π greek small letter pi
rho 961 ρ ρ greek small letter rho
sigmaf 962 ς ς greek small letter final sigma
sigma 963 σ σ greek small letter sigma
tau 964 τ τ greek small letter tau
upsilon 965 υ υ greek small letter upsilon
phi 966 φ φ greek small letter phi
chi 967 χ χ greek small letter chi
psi 968 ψ ψ greek small letter psi
omega 969 ω ω greek small letter omega
thetasym 977 ϑ ϑ greek small letter theta symbol
upsih 978 ϒ ϒ greek upsilon with hook symbol
piv 982 ϖ ϖ greek pi symbol
bull 8226 • • bullet = black small circle
hellip 8230 … … horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader
prime 8242 ′ ′ prime = minutes = feet
Prime 8243 ″ ″ double prime = seconds = inches
oline 8254 ‾ ‾ overline = spacing overscore
frasl 8260 ⁄ ⁄ fraction slash
weierp 8472 ℘ ℘ script capital P = power set Weierstrass p
image 8465 ℑ ℑ blackletter capital I = imaginary part
real 8476 ℜ ℜ blackletter capital R = real part symbol
trade 8482 ™ ™ trade mark sign
alefsym 8501 ℵ ℵ alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal
larr 8592 ← ← leftwards arrow
uarr 8593 ↑ ↑ upwards arrow
rarr 8594 → → rightwards arrow
darr 8595 ↓ ↓ downwards arrow
harr 8596 ↔ ↔ left right arrow
crarr 8629 ↵ ↵ downwards arrow with corner leftwards carriage return
lArr 8656 ⇐ ⇐ leftwards double arrow
uArr 8657 ⇑ ⇑ upwards double arrow
rArr 8658 ⇒ ⇒ rightwards double arrow
dArr 8659 ⇓ ⇓ downwards double arrow
hArr 8660 ⇔ ⇔ left right double arrow
forall 8704 ∀ ∀ for all
part 8706 ∂ ∂ partial differential
exist 8707 ∃ ∃ there exists
empty 8709 ∅ ∅ empty set = null set = diameter
nabla 8711 ∇ ∇ nabla = backward difference
isin 8712 ∈ ∈ element of
notin 8713 ∉ ∉ not an element of
ni 8715 ∋ ∋ contains as member
prod 8719 ∏ ∏ n-ary product = product sign
sum 8721 ∑ ∑ n-ary sumation
minus 8722 − − minus sign
lowast 8727 ∗ ∗ asterisk operator
radic 8730 √ √ square root = radical sign
prop 8733 ∝ ∝ proportional to
infin 8734 ∞ ∞ infinity
ang 8736 ∠ ∠ angle
and 8743 ∧ ∧ logical and = wedge
or 8744 ∨ ∨ logical or = vee
cap 8745 ∩ ∩ intersection = cap
cup 8746 ∪ ∪ union = cup
int 8747 ∫ ∫ integral
there4 8756 ∴ ∴ therefore
sim 8764 ∼ ∼ tilde operator = varies with = similar to
cong 8773 ≅ ≅ approximately equal to
asymp 8776 ≈ ≈ almost equal to = asymptotic to
ne 8800 ≠ ≠ not equal to
equiv 8801 ≡ ≡ identical to
le 8804 ≤ ≤ less-than or equal to
ge 8805 ≥ ≥ greater-than or equal to
sub 8834 ⊂ ⊂ subset of
sup 8835 ⊃ ⊃ superset of
nsub 8836 ⊄ ⊄ not a subset of
sube 8838 ⊆ ⊆ subset of or equal to
supe 8839 ⊇ ⊇ superset of or equal to
oplus 8853 ⊕ ⊕ circled plus = direct sum
otimes 8855 ⊗ ⊗ circled times = vector product
perp 8869 ⊥ ⊥ up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular
sdot 8901 ⋅ ⋅ dot operator
lceil 8968 ⌈ ⌈ left ceiling = apl upstile
rceil 8969 ⌉ ⌉ right ceiling
lfloor 8970 ⌊ ⌊ left floor = apl downstile
rfloor 8971 ⌋ ⌋ right floor
lang 9001 〈 〈 left-pointing angle bracket = bra
rang 9002 〉 〉 right-pointing angle bracket = ket
loz 9674 ◊ ◊ lozenge
spades 9824 ♠ ♠ black spade suit
clubs 9827 ♣ ♣ black club suit = shamrock
hearts 9829 ♥ ♥ black heart suit = valentine
diams 9830 ♦ ♦ black diamond suit
Part 3
quot 34 " " quotation mark = APL quote
amp 38 & & ampersand
apos 39 ' ' apostrophe
lt 60 < < less-than sign gt 62 > > greater-than sign
OElig 338 ΠΠlatin capital ligature OE
oelig 339 œ œ latin small ligature oe
Scaron 352 Š Š latin capital letter S with caron
scaron 353 š š latin small letter s with caron
Yuml 376 Ÿ Ÿ latin capital letter Y with diaeresis
circ 710 ˆ ˆ modifier letter circumflex accent
tilde 732 ˜ ˜ small tilde
ensp 8194 en space
emsp 8195 em space
thinsp 8201 thin space
zwnj 8204 zero width non-joiner
zwj 8205 zero width joiner
lrm 8206 left-to-right mark
rlm 8207 right-to-left mark
ndash 8211 – – en dash
mdash 8212 — — em dash
lsquo 8216 ‘ ‘ left single quotation mark
rsquo 8217 ’ ’ right single quotation mark
sbquo 8218 ‚ ‚ single low-9 quotation mark
ldquo 8220 “ “ left double quotation mark
rdquo 8221 ” ” right double quotation mark
bdquo 8222 „ „ double low-9 quotation mark
dagger 8224 † † dagger
Dagger 8225 ‡ ‡ double dagger
permil 8240 ‰ ‰ per mille sign
lsaquo 8249 ‹ ‹ single left-pointing angle quotation mark
rsaquo 8250 › › single right-pointing angle quotation mark
euro 8364 € € euro sign
Use of symbol font
(On 2002 Apr 16 I tried unsuccessfully to make the following work with Mozilla. I haven't bothered with it since because things are displayed fine using HTML entities.)
alpha: a displays a
This supposedly will work on any systems that don't care that "symbol" is not a Latin 1 font. (For example, it works under Windows 95 with Netscape 4.5 and IE 3.02.) To make it work under X11, which does care, one should add
Netscape*documentFonts.charset*adobe-fontspecific: iso-8859-1
to one's .Xdefaults file.
(Ref: posting to www-math by David Carlisle
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b g d e z h q(J) i k l m n x o p r s(V) t u f(j) c y w(v)
a b g d e z h q(J) i k l m n x o p r s(V) t u f(j) c y w(v)
A B G D E Z H Q I K L M N X O P R S T U F C Y W
A B G D E Z H Q I K L M N X O P R S T U F C Y W
~ ! # / | ? % & * ( ) _ - + = [ ] { } ; : , . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
~ ! # / | ? % & * ( ) _ - + = [ ] { } ; : , . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
' " \ @ $ ^ `a
' " \ @ $ ^ `a (Note that ` gives a nonspacing overstrike.)
HTML Special Entity Codes
Teaching and Learning with Technology
TLT Home : TLT Suggestions
HOME BY LANGUAGE BASICS ACCENTS WEB DEVEL GLOSSARY SITE MAP LOCATION: Web Developers » HTML Special Entity Codes
HTML - Special Entity Codes
This Web page contains lists of common special entity codes needed in HTML to generate special characters such as ñ, ¢, ÷ and other characters. Full instructions are in the "Using the Codes" section followed by lists organized by character type. Information on
NOTE: If you are composing Web pages in an HTML editor such as Dreamweaver, FrontPage or Netscape Composer the programs may generate the characters based on what is typed in (check the HTML to be sure).
This Page
Letters with Accents - (e.g. ó, ò, ñ)
Expanded Accents Listing (Unicode) - Phonetics Information Page
Other Foreign Characters - (e.g. ç, ¿, ß)
Expanded Foreign Characters (Unicode) - Phonetics Information Page
Currency Symbols - (e.g. ¢, £, ¥)
Math Symbols - (e.g. ±, °, ÷)
Other Punctuation - (e.g. &, ©, §, smart quotes )
Using the Codes
Uniciode Numeric Codes - New Page
Links to Other References
Caution on Smart Quotes and Long Dashes
“Smart (curly) quotes” (vs. "plain (straight) quotes") and long dashes such as em dash (—) and en dash (–) are actually considered "special characters" in HTML. If you are using a Word file with these symbols, you may need to remove them or replace them with entity characters. Plain quotes and short dashes are always OK.
Letters with Accents
This list is organized by Accent type. If a value is missing in the chart, then see the Expanded Unicode Accents code page.
To determine the appropriate code, match the accent with the vowel. The general template for each accent is in the left column in blue. For instance&Vcirc; means that all the entity codes for vowels with circumflex accents contain "circ" as part of the code.
NOTE: Numbers in parentheses refer to the numeric position of the character in the Unicode encoding scheme.
Example 1: To input the lower case circumflex â in HTML, type in â or â
Example 2: To input the capital circumflex  in HTML, type in  or Â
Exampe 3: To input lower case circumflex ô in HTML, type in ô or ô
Accent A E I O U Y
Grave
&Vgrave;
(Cap) À
À
(192) È
È
(200) Ì
Ì
(204) Ò
Ò
(210) Ù
Ù
(217)
Grave (Lower) à
à
(224) è
è
(232) ì
ì
(236) ò
ò
(242) ù
ù
(249)
Acute
&Vacute;
(Cap) Á
Á
(193) É
É
(201) Í
Í
(205) Ó
Ó
(211) Ú
Ú
(218) Ý
Ý
(221)
Acute (Lower) á
á
(225) é
é
(233) í
í
(237) ó
ó
(243) ú
ú
(250) ý
ý
(253)
Circumflex
&Vcirc;
(Cap) Â
Â
(194) Ê
Ê
(202) Î
Î
(206) Ô
Ô
(212) Û
Û
(219)
Circumflex (Lower) â
â
(226) ê
ê
(234) î
î
(238) ô
ô
(244) û
û
(251)
Tilde
&Vtilde;
(Cap) Ã
Ã
(195) -- Ñ
Ñ
(209) Õ
Õ
(213) --
Tilde (Lower) ã
ã
(227) -- ñ
ñ
(241) õ
õ
(245) --
Umlaut
&Vuml;
(Cap) Ä
Ä
(196) Ë
Ë
(203) Ï
Ï
(207) Ö
Ö
(214) Ü
Ü
(220) Ÿ1
Ÿ
(159)
Umlaut (Lower) ä
ä
(228) ë
ë
(235) ï
ï
(239) ö
ö
(246) ü
ü
(252) ÿ
ÿ
(255)
1: The code Ÿ is not supported in older browsers such as Netscape 4.7, but the numeric version (Ÿ) works.
If you are having problems inputting these codes, please review the instructions for using the codes on top of this Web page.
Top of Page
Other Foreign Characters
This page includes common Western European characters only. Refer to the individual By Language pages for further codes.
Common Codes
NOTES: Numbers in parentheses refer to the numeric position of the character in the Unicode encoding scheme (some characters have an older Win-1252 number which is listed first)
Example 1: To generate the upside-down question mark ¿,type ¿ into the HTML code.
Example 2: To generate French oe ligature œ, type œ into the HTML code. These numeric codes may be necessary in some older browsers.
SYMBOL NAME CODE
¡ Upside-down exclamation point. ¡ (161)
¿ Upside-down question mark. ¿ (191)
Ç,ç French C cedille (caps/lowercase) Ç (199)
ç (231)
Œ,œ French O-E ligature (caps/lowercase) Œ (140 or 338)
œ (156 or 339)
º,ª Masculine & feminine ordinal number
(Spanish/Italian/Portuguese) º (186)
ª (170)
ß German double S ß (223)
Ø,ø O slash (caps/lowercase) Ø (216)
ø (248)
Å,å A ring, Angstrom sign (caps/lowercase) Å (197)
å (229)
Æ,æ A-E ligature (caps/lowercase) Æ (198)
æ (230)
Þ,þ Old English thorn (caps/lowercase) Þ (222)
þ (254)
Ð,ð Old English eth (caps/lowercase) Ð (208)
ð (240)
« » European/Spanish style double angle quote mark. « (171)
» (187)
‹ › European/Spanish style single angle quote mark. ‹ (8249)
› (8250)
‚ European single bottom quote ‚ (8218)
„ European bottom quote „ (8222)
“ Opening Double Quotes “ (147 or 8220)
” Closing Double Quotes ” (148 or 8221)
‘ Opening Single Quote Mark ‘ (145 or 8216)
’ Closing Single Quote Mark ’ (146 or 8217)
Top of Page
Currency Symbols
NOTE: Numbers in parentheses refer to the numeric position of the character in the Unicode encoding scheme.
Example: To generate the cent sign ¢,type ¢ or ¢ into the HTML code.
SYMBOL NAME CODE
¢ cent sign ¢ (162)
£ British Pound £ (163)
¥ Japanese Yen ¥ (165)
€ Euro Symbol € (8364)
¤ Generic currency symbol ¤ (164)
ƒ Dutch Florin Symbol (may not work in older browsers) ƒ (402)
If you are having problems inputting these codes, please review the instructions for using the codes on top of this Web page.
Top of Page
Math Symbols
Common Codes
NOTE: Numbers in parentheses refer to the numeric position of the character in the Unicode encoding scheme.
Example: To generate the division sign ÷, type ÷ or ÷ into the HTML code.
SYMBOL NAME CODE
> Greater than > (62)
< Less than < (60) ÷ Division symbol ÷ (247) / Forward Slash / ° Degree symbol ° (176) ¬ Not symbol ¬ (172) ± Plus/minus symbol ± (177) µ Micro µ (181) If you are having problems inputting these codes, please review the instructions for using the codes on top of this Web page. New Codes These codes do not work in old browsers like Netscape 4.7, but are generally usable in new browsers. Below are just a few available codes. For more entity codes - see or Ian Graham's Mathematical Symbols for HTML or Jukka Korpela HTML Entities or for more details and a complete list. For the complete set of numeric codes see the Math Chart or Alan Wood's Symbols Test Page Common New Entity Codes for Math SYMBOL NAME CODE ∴ therefore triangle ∴ (8756) ≠ not equals ≠ (8800) ≥ greater than or equals to ≥ (8805) ≤ less than or equals to ≤ (8804) ≈ approximately ≈ (8776) √ square root radical √ (8730) ∞ infinity ∞ (8734) ∫ integral sign ∫ (8747) ∂ partial differential ∂ (8706) ′ Single prime ′ (8442) ″ Double prime ″ (8243) ∑ Sigma Sum Sign ∑ (8721) ∏ Pi Product Sign ∏(8719) ‰ Per mil (1/1000th) ‰ ≡ equivalent to (three lines) ≡ (8801) Top of Page Other Punctuation Caution on Smart Quotes and Long Dashes “Smart (curly) quotes” (vs. "plain (straight) quotes") and long dashes such as em dash (—) and en dash (–) are actually considered "special characters" in HTML. If you are using a Word file with these symbols, you may need to remove them or replace them with entity characters. Common Codes Example 1: To generate the and symbol & (&) type in & or &. Example 2: To generate the string & in HTML, type &. SYMBOL NAME CODE (blank space) Inserts a non-breaking blank space (en space) (32) & Ampersand & (38) “ Opening Double Quotes “ (147 or 8220) ” Closing Double Quotes ” (148 or 8221) ‘ Opening Single Quote Mark ‘ (145 or 8216) ’ Closing Single Quote Mark ’ (146 or 8217) ® Registered symbol ® (174) © Copyright symbol © (169) ® Registered symbol ® (174) ™ Trademark symbol ™ (153 or 8482) ¶ Paragraph symbol ¶ (182) • Big (Bullet) List Dot • (149 or 8226) · Medium (Middle) List Dot · (183) § Section Symbol § (167) – en-dash – (150 or 8211) — em-dash — (151 or 8212) New Codes These codes do not work in old browsers like Netscape 4.7, but are generally usable in new browsers. SYMBOL NAME CODE † dagger (cross) † (8224) ‡ double dagger ‡ (8225) ◊ open diamond, lozenge ◊ (9674) ↑ up arrow ↑ (8593) ↓ down arrow ↓ (8595) ← left arrow ← (8592) → right arrow → (8594) ↔ double headed arrow ↔ (8596) If you are having problems inputting these codes, please review the instructions for using the codes on top of this Web page. Top of Page Using the Codes To input non-English into an Web page, HTML employs a series of entity codes enclosed with an & on the left side and a ; (semi-colon) on the right. HTML SPECIAL CHARACTER TEMPLATE &(code); For example, the code for ç is "ccedil". To generate French ç in HTML, type the code ç into your HTML document as in: HTML - fran&cecedil;ais Result - français Here's another example using ¢ for ¢. HTML - It cost 5¢. Result - It cost 5¢. Some characters like œ (#156) are known by a number, not an entity code. For these characters the template is: HTML CHARACTER NUMBER TEMPLATE &#(number); For example to input sœur, the French word for sister you use the following code: HTML - sœur 'sister' Result - sœur 'sister' Troubleshooting the Encoding If one of the numeric codes (e.g. œ for œ) fails to display, try including the following meta tags in the header (between the ) tags.
Recommended
This will force the browser to switch to the correct encoding system.
Top of Page
Links to External Reference Pages
HTML Entity Codes
Webmonkey - The first set of entries ("left single quote" to "trademark sign") are experimental and may not be supported in Netscape 4.7
Alan Wood HTML 4.0 Character Entity References - Lists Unicode number and entity. Some mathematical characters not supported in Netscape 4.7
HTML Special Characters and Browser Compatability
Ultimate Cool Characters
Ian S. Graham - Switch to Western view
Top of Page
©Penn State University, 2000-2010.
This Web page maintained by Teaching and Learning with Technology, a unit of Information Technology Services. For questions or comments on this Web page, please contact Elizabeth J. Pyatt (ejp10@psu.edu).
Unicode character names and hexadecimal entity codes are taken from the public Unicode Character Charts.
Last Modified: Wednesday, 04-Nov-2009 13:45:00 EST
TLT Home : TLT Suggestions
HOME BY LANGUAGE BASICS ACCENTS WEB DEVEL GLOSSARY SITE MAP LOCATION: Web Developers » HTML Special Entity Codes
HTML - Special Entity Codes
This Web page contains lists of common special entity codes needed in HTML to generate special characters such as ñ, ¢, ÷ and other characters. Full instructions are in the "Using the Codes" section followed by lists organized by character type. Information on
NOTE: If you are composing Web pages in an HTML editor such as Dreamweaver, FrontPage or Netscape Composer the programs may generate the characters based on what is typed in (check the HTML to be sure).
This Page
Letters with Accents - (e.g. ó, ò, ñ)
Expanded Accents Listing (Unicode) - Phonetics Information Page
Other Foreign Characters - (e.g. ç, ¿, ß)
Expanded Foreign Characters (Unicode) - Phonetics Information Page
Currency Symbols - (e.g. ¢, £, ¥)
Math Symbols - (e.g. ±, °, ÷)
Other Punctuation - (e.g. &, ©, §, smart quotes )
Using the Codes
Uniciode Numeric Codes - New Page
Links to Other References
Caution on Smart Quotes and Long Dashes
“Smart (curly) quotes” (vs. "plain (straight) quotes") and long dashes such as em dash (—) and en dash (–) are actually considered "special characters" in HTML. If you are using a Word file with these symbols, you may need to remove them or replace them with entity characters. Plain quotes and short dashes are always OK.
Letters with Accents
This list is organized by Accent type. If a value is missing in the chart, then see the Expanded Unicode Accents code page.
To determine the appropriate code, match the accent with the vowel. The general template for each accent is in the left column in blue. For instance&Vcirc; means that all the entity codes for vowels with circumflex accents contain "circ" as part of the code.
NOTE: Numbers in parentheses refer to the numeric position of the character in the Unicode encoding scheme.
Example 1: To input the lower case circumflex â in HTML, type in â or â
Example 2: To input the capital circumflex  in HTML, type in  or Â
Exampe 3: To input lower case circumflex ô in HTML, type in ô or ô
Accent A E I O U Y
Grave
&Vgrave;
(Cap) À
À
(192) È
È
(200) Ì
Ì
(204) Ò
Ò
(210) Ù
Ù
(217)
Grave (Lower) à
à
(224) è
è
(232) ì
ì
(236) ò
ò
(242) ù
ù
(249)
Acute
&Vacute;
(Cap) Á
Á
(193) É
É
(201) Í
Í
(205) Ó
Ó
(211) Ú
Ú
(218) Ý
Ý
(221)
Acute (Lower) á
á
(225) é
é
(233) í
í
(237) ó
ó
(243) ú
ú
(250) ý
ý
(253)
Circumflex
&Vcirc;
(Cap) Â
Â
(194) Ê
Ê
(202) Î
Î
(206) Ô
Ô
(212) Û
Û
(219)
Circumflex (Lower) â
â
(226) ê
ê
(234) î
î
(238) ô
ô
(244) û
û
(251)
Tilde
&Vtilde;
(Cap) Ã
Ã
(195) -- Ñ
Ñ
(209) Õ
Õ
(213) --
Tilde (Lower) ã
ã
(227) -- ñ
ñ
(241) õ
õ
(245) --
Umlaut
&Vuml;
(Cap) Ä
Ä
(196) Ë
Ë
(203) Ï
Ï
(207) Ö
Ö
(214) Ü
Ü
(220) Ÿ1
Ÿ
(159)
Umlaut (Lower) ä
ä
(228) ë
ë
(235) ï
ï
(239) ö
ö
(246) ü
ü
(252) ÿ
ÿ
(255)
1: The code Ÿ is not supported in older browsers such as Netscape 4.7, but the numeric version (Ÿ) works.
If you are having problems inputting these codes, please review the instructions for using the codes on top of this Web page.
Top of Page
Other Foreign Characters
This page includes common Western European characters only. Refer to the individual By Language pages for further codes.
Common Codes
NOTES: Numbers in parentheses refer to the numeric position of the character in the Unicode encoding scheme (some characters have an older Win-1252 number which is listed first)
Example 1: To generate the upside-down question mark ¿,type ¿ into the HTML code.
Example 2: To generate French oe ligature œ, type œ into the HTML code. These numeric codes may be necessary in some older browsers.
SYMBOL NAME CODE
¡ Upside-down exclamation point. ¡ (161)
¿ Upside-down question mark. ¿ (191)
Ç,ç French C cedille (caps/lowercase) Ç (199)
ç (231)
Œ,œ French O-E ligature (caps/lowercase) Œ (140 or 338)
œ (156 or 339)
º,ª Masculine & feminine ordinal number
(Spanish/Italian/Portuguese) º (186)
ª (170)
ß German double S ß (223)
Ø,ø O slash (caps/lowercase) Ø (216)
ø (248)
Å,å A ring, Angstrom sign (caps/lowercase) Å (197)
å (229)
Æ,æ A-E ligature (caps/lowercase) Æ (198)
æ (230)
Þ,þ Old English thorn (caps/lowercase) Þ (222)
þ (254)
Ð,ð Old English eth (caps/lowercase) Ð (208)
ð (240)
« » European/Spanish style double angle quote mark. « (171)
» (187)
‹ › European/Spanish style single angle quote mark. ‹ (8249)
› (8250)
‚ European single bottom quote ‚ (8218)
„ European bottom quote „ (8222)
“ Opening Double Quotes “ (147 or 8220)
” Closing Double Quotes ” (148 or 8221)
‘ Opening Single Quote Mark ‘ (145 or 8216)
’ Closing Single Quote Mark ’ (146 or 8217)
Top of Page
Currency Symbols
NOTE: Numbers in parentheses refer to the numeric position of the character in the Unicode encoding scheme.
Example: To generate the cent sign ¢,type ¢ or ¢ into the HTML code.
SYMBOL NAME CODE
¢ cent sign ¢ (162)
£ British Pound £ (163)
¥ Japanese Yen ¥ (165)
€ Euro Symbol € (8364)
¤ Generic currency symbol ¤ (164)
ƒ Dutch Florin Symbol (may not work in older browsers) ƒ (402)
If you are having problems inputting these codes, please review the instructions for using the codes on top of this Web page.
Top of Page
Math Symbols
Common Codes
NOTE: Numbers in parentheses refer to the numeric position of the character in the Unicode encoding scheme.
Example: To generate the division sign ÷, type ÷ or ÷ into the HTML code.
SYMBOL NAME CODE
> Greater than > (62)
< Less than < (60) ÷ Division symbol ÷ (247) / Forward Slash / ° Degree symbol ° (176) ¬ Not symbol ¬ (172) ± Plus/minus symbol ± (177) µ Micro µ (181) If you are having problems inputting these codes, please review the instructions for using the codes on top of this Web page. New Codes These codes do not work in old browsers like Netscape 4.7, but are generally usable in new browsers. Below are just a few available codes. For more entity codes - see or Ian Graham's Mathematical Symbols for HTML or Jukka Korpela HTML Entities or for more details and a complete list. For the complete set of numeric codes see the Math Chart or Alan Wood's Symbols Test Page Common New Entity Codes for Math SYMBOL NAME CODE ∴ therefore triangle ∴ (8756) ≠ not equals ≠ (8800) ≥ greater than or equals to ≥ (8805) ≤ less than or equals to ≤ (8804) ≈ approximately ≈ (8776) √ square root radical √ (8730) ∞ infinity ∞ (8734) ∫ integral sign ∫ (8747) ∂ partial differential ∂ (8706) ′ Single prime ′ (8442) ″ Double prime ″ (8243) ∑ Sigma Sum Sign ∑ (8721) ∏ Pi Product Sign ∏(8719) ‰ Per mil (1/1000th) ‰ ≡ equivalent to (three lines) ≡ (8801) Top of Page Other Punctuation Caution on Smart Quotes and Long Dashes “Smart (curly) quotes” (vs. "plain (straight) quotes") and long dashes such as em dash (—) and en dash (–) are actually considered "special characters" in HTML. If you are using a Word file with these symbols, you may need to remove them or replace them with entity characters. Common Codes Example 1: To generate the and symbol & (&) type in & or &. Example 2: To generate the string & in HTML, type &. SYMBOL NAME CODE (blank space) Inserts a non-breaking blank space (en space) (32) & Ampersand & (38) “ Opening Double Quotes “ (147 or 8220) ” Closing Double Quotes ” (148 or 8221) ‘ Opening Single Quote Mark ‘ (145 or 8216) ’ Closing Single Quote Mark ’ (146 or 8217) ® Registered symbol ® (174) © Copyright symbol © (169) ® Registered symbol ® (174) ™ Trademark symbol ™ (153 or 8482) ¶ Paragraph symbol ¶ (182) • Big (Bullet) List Dot • (149 or 8226) · Medium (Middle) List Dot · (183) § Section Symbol § (167) – en-dash – (150 or 8211) — em-dash — (151 or 8212) New Codes These codes do not work in old browsers like Netscape 4.7, but are generally usable in new browsers. SYMBOL NAME CODE † dagger (cross) † (8224) ‡ double dagger ‡ (8225) ◊ open diamond, lozenge ◊ (9674) ↑ up arrow ↑ (8593) ↓ down arrow ↓ (8595) ← left arrow ← (8592) → right arrow → (8594) ↔ double headed arrow ↔ (8596) If you are having problems inputting these codes, please review the instructions for using the codes on top of this Web page. Top of Page Using the Codes To input non-English into an Web page, HTML employs a series of entity codes enclosed with an & on the left side and a ; (semi-colon) on the right. HTML SPECIAL CHARACTER TEMPLATE &(code); For example, the code for ç is "ccedil". To generate French ç in HTML, type the code ç into your HTML document as in: HTML - fran&cecedil;ais Result - français Here's another example using ¢ for ¢. HTML - It cost 5¢. Result - It cost 5¢. Some characters like œ (#156) are known by a number, not an entity code. For these characters the template is: HTML CHARACTER NUMBER TEMPLATE &#(number); For example to input sœur, the French word for sister you use the following code: HTML - sœur 'sister' Result - sœur 'sister' Troubleshooting the Encoding If one of the numeric codes (e.g. œ for œ) fails to display, try including the following meta tags in the header (between the ) tags.
Recommended
This will force the browser to switch to the correct encoding system.
Top of Page
Links to External Reference Pages
HTML Entity Codes
Webmonkey - The first set of entries ("left single quote" to "trademark sign") are experimental and may not be supported in Netscape 4.7
Alan Wood HTML 4.0 Character Entity References - Lists Unicode number and entity. Some mathematical characters not supported in Netscape 4.7
HTML Special Characters and Browser Compatability
Ultimate Cool Characters
Ian S. Graham - Switch to Western view
Top of Page
©Penn State University, 2000-2010.
This Web page maintained by Teaching and Learning with Technology, a unit of Information Technology Services. For questions or comments on this Web page, please contact Elizabeth J. Pyatt (ejp10@psu.edu).
Unicode character names and hexadecimal entity codes are taken from the public Unicode Character Charts.
Last Modified: Wednesday, 04-Nov-2009 13:45:00 EST
How to delete Undeletable files in Windows
How to Delete Undeletable Files in Windows
Many times when trying to remove an unwanted program, especially a piece of adware or spyware, you may run across a file that is undeletable by any normal method. When you try to remove it you'll receive the error message shown below telling you "access denied" and explaining the file may be in use. You may also receive one of the following messages.
Cannot delete file: Access is denied
There has been a sharing violation.
The source or destination file may be in use.
The file is in use by another program or user.
Make sure the disk is not full or write-protected and that the file is not currently in use.
So if the file is in use, how do you delete it?
I'll show you several ways of removing these types of files and even some freeware programs that help you remove these pesky undeletable files.
Windows 95/98/ME
If you are using Windows 95, 98, or Windows ME, the easiest way to remove an undeleteable file is to boot to a DOS prompt and manually delete the file. Before you do this, you'll want to make a note of the location of the file including the entire path to it. Follow the steps below to delete these types of files.
If you already know the path to the file, please skip to Step 7
1. Click on Start, Find, Files and Folders
2. Type the name of the undeletable file in the Named or Search For box
3. Make sure the Look In box shows the correct drive letter
4. Click on Find Now or Search Now and let the computer find the file
5. Once the file is located, right-click on it and choose properties, make a note of the file location. Usually this is something similar to
c:\windows\system32\undeleteablefilesname.exe
6. Close the search box
7. Locate a boot disk for your version of Windows, if you do not have a boot disk, follow the steps on the link below to create an emergency boot disk.
How to Create an Emergency Boot Disk for Windows
8. Shut down and restart your computer with the boot disk in your floppy drive.
9. The computer will boot to a DOS prompt that will look similar to
c:\
10. Type the following command and press Enter to delete the filer, substituting the phrase with the actual path and file name you discovered in Step 5 above.
del
Example:
del c:\windows\undeleteablefile.exe
11. Remove the boot disk in the floppy drive and restart your computer
12. The file should now be deleted.
Windows XP
In Windows XP, there are a couple ways to remove an undeleteable file, a manual way, and a couple automated ways using some freeware programs. First, I'll show you the manual way.
Manual Method
If you already know the path to the file, please skip to Step 7
1. Click on Start, Search, All Files and Folders
2. Type the name of the undeletable file in the box shown
3. Make sure the Look In box shows the correct drive letter
4. Click Search and let the computer find the file
5. Once the file is located, right-click on it and choose properties, make a note of the file location. Usually this is something similar to
c:\windows\system32\undeleteablefilesname.exe
6. Close the search box
7. Click on Start, Run, and type CMD and Press Enter to open a Command Prompt window
8. Leave the Command Prompt window open, but proceed to close all other open programs
9. Click on Start, Run and type TASKMGR.EXE and press Enter to start Task Manager
10. Click on the Processes tab, click on the process named Explorer.exe and click on End Process.
11. Minimize Task Manager but leave it open
12. Go back to the Command Prompt window and change to the directory where the file is located. To do this, use the CD command. You can follow the example below.
Example: to change to the Windows\System32 directory you would enter the following command and Press Enter
cd \windows\system32
13. Now use the DEL command to delete the offending file. Type DEL where is the file you wish to delete.
Example: del undeletable.exe
14. Use ALT-TAB to go back to Task Manager
15. In Task Manager, click File, New Task and enter EXPLORER.EXE to restart the Windows shell.
16. Close Task Manager
Programs to automatically delete a file
Remove on Reboot Shell Extension
This is a nice extension that loads into the right click menu. All you have to do is right-click on a file and choose "Remove on Next Reboot" and the file will be deleted the next time the computer restarts. Although it probably should only be used by more advanced computer users since it may be TOO easy to delete files using this program.
Pocket Killbox
A simple .exe file that you can use to delete undeleteable files, although the program will also delete temporary files, edit the HOSTS file, and more. A definite must have program when you are fighting an annoying spyware or adware program that won't remove.
Unlocker
Unlocker is another program that runs from the right click menu. Its simple and very effective. The website even has a side by side comparision of other programs that accomplish this task.
Using one of the three tools shown above, you should be able to remove those annoying undeleteable files once and for all.
Many times when trying to remove an unwanted program, especially a piece of adware or spyware, you may run across a file that is undeletable by any normal method. When you try to remove it you'll receive the error message shown below telling you "access denied" and explaining the file may be in use. You may also receive one of the following messages.
Cannot delete file: Access is denied
There has been a sharing violation.
The source or destination file may be in use.
The file is in use by another program or user.
Make sure the disk is not full or write-protected and that the file is not currently in use.
So if the file is in use, how do you delete it?
I'll show you several ways of removing these types of files and even some freeware programs that help you remove these pesky undeletable files.
Windows 95/98/ME
If you are using Windows 95, 98, or Windows ME, the easiest way to remove an undeleteable file is to boot to a DOS prompt and manually delete the file. Before you do this, you'll want to make a note of the location of the file including the entire path to it. Follow the steps below to delete these types of files.
If you already know the path to the file, please skip to Step 7
1. Click on Start, Find, Files and Folders
2. Type the name of the undeletable file in the Named or Search For box
3. Make sure the Look In box shows the correct drive letter
4. Click on Find Now or Search Now and let the computer find the file
5. Once the file is located, right-click on it and choose properties, make a note of the file location. Usually this is something similar to
c:\windows\system32\undeleteablefilesname.exe
6. Close the search box
7. Locate a boot disk for your version of Windows, if you do not have a boot disk, follow the steps on the link below to create an emergency boot disk.
How to Create an Emergency Boot Disk for Windows
8. Shut down and restart your computer with the boot disk in your floppy drive.
9. The computer will boot to a DOS prompt that will look similar to
c:\
10. Type the following command and press Enter to delete the filer, substituting the phrase
del
Example:
del c:\windows\undeleteablefile.exe
11. Remove the boot disk in the floppy drive and restart your computer
12. The file should now be deleted.
Windows XP
In Windows XP, there are a couple ways to remove an undeleteable file, a manual way, and a couple automated ways using some freeware programs. First, I'll show you the manual way.
Manual Method
If you already know the path to the file, please skip to Step 7
1. Click on Start, Search, All Files and Folders
2. Type the name of the undeletable file in the box shown
3. Make sure the Look In box shows the correct drive letter
4. Click Search and let the computer find the file
5. Once the file is located, right-click on it and choose properties, make a note of the file location. Usually this is something similar to
c:\windows\system32\undeleteablefilesname.exe
6. Close the search box
7. Click on Start, Run, and type CMD and Press Enter to open a Command Prompt window
8. Leave the Command Prompt window open, but proceed to close all other open programs
9. Click on Start, Run and type TASKMGR.EXE and press Enter to start Task Manager
10. Click on the Processes tab, click on the process named Explorer.exe and click on End Process.
11. Minimize Task Manager but leave it open
12. Go back to the Command Prompt window and change to the directory where the file is located. To do this, use the CD command. You can follow the example below.
Example: to change to the Windows\System32 directory you would enter the following command and Press Enter
cd \windows\system32
13. Now use the DEL command to delete the offending file. Type DEL
Example: del undeletable.exe
14. Use ALT-TAB to go back to Task Manager
15. In Task Manager, click File, New Task and enter EXPLORER.EXE to restart the Windows shell.
16. Close Task Manager
Programs to automatically delete a file
Remove on Reboot Shell Extension
This is a nice extension that loads into the right click menu. All you have to do is right-click on a file and choose "Remove on Next Reboot" and the file will be deleted the next time the computer restarts. Although it probably should only be used by more advanced computer users since it may be TOO easy to delete files using this program.
Pocket Killbox
A simple .exe file that you can use to delete undeleteable files, although the program will also delete temporary files, edit the HOSTS file, and more. A definite must have program when you are fighting an annoying spyware or adware program that won't remove.
Unlocker
Unlocker is another program that runs from the right click menu. Its simple and very effective. The website even has a side by side comparision of other programs that accomplish this task.
Using one of the three tools shown above, you should be able to remove those annoying undeleteable files once and for all.
Friday, February 18, 2011
Retrieve data from excel through php
//*************************************************
retrive data from excel sheet to php page or any database
//*************************************************
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/library/os-phpexcel/index.html
http://www.ustrem.org/en/articles/reading-xls-with-php-en/
http://www.webdevelopmentstuff.com/87/php-and-excel.html
http://php.bigresource.com/How-data-can-be-imported-from-Excel-sheet-into-MySQL-database-43Y10pKv.html#related
http://www.hiteshagrawal.com/php/reading-excel-sheet-in-php
http://www.spiration.co.uk/post/1198/Using%20PHP%20to%20generate%20an%20Excel%20Spreadsheet
http://www.polzer-sw.com/how-to-create-excel-sheets-using-php
http://mysql.bigresource.com/odbc-connection-get-data-from-Excel-sheet-GxPL7s4f.html
http://www.roseindia.net/answers/viewqa/PHP/11879-php-import-data-from-excel-to-mysql.html
retrive data from excel sheet to php page or any database
//*************************************************
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/library/os-phpexcel/index.html
http://www.ustrem.org/en/articles/reading-xls-with-php-en/
http://www.webdevelopmentstuff.com/87/php-and-excel.html
http://php.bigresource.com/How-data-can-be-imported-from-Excel-sheet-into-MySQL-database-43Y10pKv.html#related
http://www.hiteshagrawal.com/php/reading-excel-sheet-in-php
http://www.spiration.co.uk/post/1198/Using%20PHP%20to%20generate%20an%20Excel%20Spreadsheet
http://www.polzer-sw.com/how-to-create-excel-sheets-using-php
http://mysql.bigresource.com/odbc-connection-get-data-from-Excel-sheet-GxPL7s4f.html
http://www.roseindia.net/answers/viewqa/PHP/11879-php-import-data-from-excel-to-mysql.html
Thursday, February 17, 2011
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
date functions in php
//PHP Example code to add one day,one month or one year to todays date $todayDate = date("Y-m-d");// current date echo "Today: ".$todayDate."
"; //Add one day to today $dateOneDayAdded = strtotime(date("Y-m-d", strtotime($todayDate)) . "+1 day"); echo "After adding one Day: ".date('l dS \o\f F Y', $dateOneDayAdded)."
"; //Add one month to today $dateOneMonthAdded = strtotime(date("Y-m-d", strtotime($todayDate)) . "+1 month"); echo "After adding one month: ".date('l dS \o\f F Y', $dateOneMonthAdded)."
"; //Add one Year to today $dateOneYearAdded = strtotime(date("Y-m-d", strtotime($todayDate)) . "+1 year"); echo "After adding one Year: ".date('l dS \o\f F Y', $dateOneYearAdded)."
"; ?>
"; //Add one day to today $dateOneDayAdded = strtotime(date("Y-m-d", strtotime($todayDate)) . "+1 day"); echo "After adding one Day: ".date('l dS \o\f F Y', $dateOneDayAdded)."
"; //Add one month to today $dateOneMonthAdded = strtotime(date("Y-m-d", strtotime($todayDate)) . "+1 month"); echo "After adding one month: ".date('l dS \o\f F Y', $dateOneMonthAdded)."
"; //Add one Year to today $dateOneYearAdded = strtotime(date("Y-m-d", strtotime($todayDate)) . "+1 year"); echo "After adding one Year: ".date('l dS \o\f F Y', $dateOneYearAdded)."
"; ?>
Thursday, February 10, 2011
How To Use Oracle SQL
How To Use Oracle SQL: Learning SQL
Learn SQL Basics and Start Writing Queries Now
By Mini Guruswamy
SQL is shorthand for Structured Query Language. Oracle SQL is a language and not an application. It is a language that can be used to communicate with databases. Oracle SQL can be used to query databases and analyze data.
Before you use Oracle SQL, you need to understand what a database is. What is a database? It’s a collection of data stored in an organized fashion. The data is stored as Tables inside of a database. Data within tables are stored as rows. All data within a database is either a column or a row. Vertical data is called a column, and horizontal data is called a row.
Oracle SQL is composed of keywords such as SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY. The 6 keywords mentioned above allow you to query a database and analyze its data. It's important that you understand these SQL basics during SQL training.
When you're building a database, a great way to make sure that you'll be able to pull data from it easily, it's a good idea to know how to normalize it. To do this, you'll want to check out the popular and effective Database Normalization Techniques.
When you write a query, please remember to use the SQL keywords below in the order you see them. Learning SQL can be tricky but these tips will help.
1. SELECT allows you to choose the columns you want to see within a table. If you are not sure what columns you would like to see … use the asterisk to see all columns within a table.
SELECT *
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream
Once you see the columns, you can determine which ones you want to use.
SELECT c.date, c.unique_visitors PV’s
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream c
2. FROM allows you to choose the table you want data from.
SELECT c.date, c.unique_visitors PV’s
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream c
3. WHERE allows you to filter data on a row level. The WHERE clause is applied before the GROUP BY clause.
SELECT c.date, c.unique_visitors PV’s
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream c
WHERE c.date > 20070801
In this case, the WHERE clause allows you to see ony unique visitors who have PV’s greater (>) than 10.
4. GROUP BY - When you use aggregate functions in a SELECT statement such as sum, count, etc., place the non-aggregate functions in the GROUP BY. An aggregate function operates on table rows to calculate and return a single function. Examples of aggregate functions are: sum(), avg(), count(), max(), and min(). You can intuitively guess what the functions do. Sum() for instance will sum, whereas avg() will average, etc.
SELECT c.date, sum(c.unique_visitors) PV’s
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream c
WHERE c.date > 20070801
GROUP BY c.date
So, whenever you use an aggregate function in a SELECT statement, make sure that the NON aggregate functions are in the GROUP BY keyword. That is what I mean by punctuation in SQL. Whenever you write a sentence, you put a period at the end of the sentence. Whenever you write a SQL query, you put your punctuation in the GROUP BY.
5. HAVING group level filtering is commonly used to eliminate rows. It is written after the GROUP BY clause. Aggregate functions can be used in the HAVING clause.
SELECT c.date, sum(c.unique_visitors) PV’s
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream c
WHERE c.date > 20070801
GROUP BY c.date
HAVING sum(c.unique_visitors) > 10
6. ORDER BY is used to order your output. The order of rows returned by a SQL query is not guaranteed unless you use a ORDER BY clause.
SELECT c.date, sum(c.unique_visitors) PV’s
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream c
WHERE c.date > 20070801
GROUP BY c.date
HAVING sum(c.unique_visitors) > 10
ORDER BY sum(c.unique_visitors) desc
In this query, I want to see my results sorted by PV’s.
By following the instructions above, learning SQL shouldn't be too difficult. With this SQL training, you can now write basic Oracle SQL queries. When you write a query, don’t forget to follow the SQL baiscs order I provided: SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY. Also consider breaking up Oracle SQL statements over multiple lines to make them easier to read and debug. Have fun writing queries and let me know what your progress is like.
Learn SQL Basics and Start Writing Queries Now
By Mini Guruswamy
SQL is shorthand for Structured Query Language. Oracle SQL is a language and not an application. It is a language that can be used to communicate with databases. Oracle SQL can be used to query databases and analyze data.
Before you use Oracle SQL, you need to understand what a database is. What is a database? It’s a collection of data stored in an organized fashion. The data is stored as Tables inside of a database. Data within tables are stored as rows. All data within a database is either a column or a row. Vertical data is called a column, and horizontal data is called a row.
Oracle SQL is composed of keywords such as SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY. The 6 keywords mentioned above allow you to query a database and analyze its data. It's important that you understand these SQL basics during SQL training.
When you're building a database, a great way to make sure that you'll be able to pull data from it easily, it's a good idea to know how to normalize it. To do this, you'll want to check out the popular and effective Database Normalization Techniques.
When you write a query, please remember to use the SQL keywords below in the order you see them. Learning SQL can be tricky but these tips will help.
1. SELECT allows you to choose the columns you want to see within a table. If you are not sure what columns you would like to see … use the asterisk to see all columns within a table.
SELECT *
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream
Once you see the columns, you can determine which ones you want to use.
SELECT c.date, c.unique_visitors PV’s
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream c
2. FROM allows you to choose the table you want data from.
SELECT c.date, c.unique_visitors PV’s
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream c
3. WHERE allows you to filter data on a row level. The WHERE clause is applied before the GROUP BY clause.
SELECT c.date, c.unique_visitors PV’s
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream c
WHERE c.date > 20070801
In this case, the WHERE clause allows you to see ony unique visitors who have PV’s greater (>) than 10.
4. GROUP BY - When you use aggregate functions in a SELECT statement such as sum, count, etc., place the non-aggregate functions in the GROUP BY. An aggregate function operates on table rows to calculate and return a single function. Examples of aggregate functions are: sum(), avg(), count(), max(), and min(). You can intuitively guess what the functions do. Sum() for instance will sum, whereas avg() will average, etc.
SELECT c.date, sum(c.unique_visitors) PV’s
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream c
WHERE c.date > 20070801
GROUP BY c.date
So, whenever you use an aggregate function in a SELECT statement, make sure that the NON aggregate functions are in the GROUP BY keyword. That is what I mean by punctuation in SQL. Whenever you write a sentence, you put a period at the end of the sentence. Whenever you write a SQL query, you put your punctuation in the GROUP BY.
5. HAVING group level filtering is commonly used to eliminate rows. It is written after the GROUP BY clause. Aggregate functions can be used in the HAVING clause.
SELECT c.date, sum(c.unique_visitors) PV’s
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream c
WHERE c.date > 20070801
GROUP BY c.date
HAVING sum(c.unique_visitors) > 10
6. ORDER BY is used to order your output. The order of rows returned by a SQL query is not guaranteed unless you use a ORDER BY clause.
SELECT c.date, sum(c.unique_visitors) PV’s
FROM u.agg_ia_clickstream c
WHERE c.date > 20070801
GROUP BY c.date
HAVING sum(c.unique_visitors) > 10
ORDER BY sum(c.unique_visitors) desc
In this query, I want to see my results sorted by PV’s.
By following the instructions above, learning SQL shouldn't be too difficult. With this SQL training, you can now write basic Oracle SQL queries. When you write a query, don’t forget to follow the SQL baiscs order I provided: SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY. Also consider breaking up Oracle SQL statements over multiple lines to make them easier to read and debug. Have fun writing queries and let me know what your progress is like.
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